Computation Cost

Since Klaytn aims to maintain 1-second block time, the execution time of transactions has to be managed. Here are three approaches to achieve that:
1.Limiting the gas limit of a transaction
2.Limiting the execution time of a transaction
3.Limiting the computation cost of a transaction
Limiting the gas limit of a transaction was not a feasible solution because the concept of the gas represents the current exchange value of the various resources in the blockchain platform such as computation, storage, network bandwidth, and so on. It is not suitable as a metric for the transaction execution time.
Limiting the execution time of a transaction was not feasible either because the execution time can vary between nodes on the blockchain platform. For example, consider the case in which we limit the execution time of a transaction to be 100 milli-second. If a node executes a transaction in 90 ms and another node executes it in 110 ms, the two nodes cannot reach a consensus. Hence, this solution is not appropriate.
The last approach is to limit the computation cost of a transaction. We modelled the computation cost of each EVM opcode based on its actual execution time and limit the sum of computation cost of a transaction. With this approach, we eliminate other factors and only count the normalized execution time unit, and nodes can reach a consensus as well.
Therefore, we chose the third option for Klaytn. For now, the limit of the execution cost is set to 100,000,000. Since the limit is determined by the platform, developers should be aware of the computation cost of a transaction. To calculate the computation cost of a transaction, Klaytn provides klay_estimateComputationCost. The usage is almost the same as klay_estimateGas.
Computation Cost of Opcodes
The below table shows the computation cost of EVM opcodes. The computation cost was determined based on experiments.
NOTE: Computation costs have changed with the IstanbulEVM protocol upgrade, or the "hard fork". If you want the previous document, please refer to previous document.
IstanbulEVM protocol upgrade block number is as follows.
Baobab Testnet: #75373312
Cypress Mainnet: #86816005
Opcode
ComputationCost
STOP
0
ADD
150
MUL
200
SUB
219
DIV
404
SDIV
739
MOD
812
SMOD
560
ADDMOD
1410
MULMOD
1760
EXP
5000
SIGNEXTEND
481
LT
201
GT
264
SLT
176
SGT
222
EQ
220
ISZERO
165
AND
288
OR
160
XOR
454
NOT
364
BYTE
589
SHL
478
SHR
498
SAR
834
SHA3
2465
ADDRESS
284
BALANCE
1407
ORIGIN
210
CALLER
188
CALLVALUE
149
CALLDATALOAD
596
CALLDATASIZE
194
CALLDATACOPY
100
CODESIZE
145
CODECOPY
898
GASPRICE
131
EXTCODESIZE
1481
EXTCODECOPY
1000
RETURNDATASIZE
10
RETURNDATACOPY
40
EXTCODEHASH
1000
BLOCKHASH
500
COINBASE
189
TIMESTAMP
265
NUMBER
202
DIFFICULTY
180
GASLIMIT
166
CHAINID
120
SELFBALANCE
374
POP
140
MLOAD
376
MSTORE
288
MSTORE8
5142
SLOAD
835
SSTORE
1548
JUMP
253
JUMPI
176
PC
147
MSIZE
137
GAS
230
JUMPDEST
10
PUSH1
120
PUSH2
120
PUSH3
120
PUSH4
120
PUSH5
120
PUSH6
120
PUSH7
120
PUSH8
120
PUSH9
120
PUSH10
120
PUSH11
120
PUSH12
120
PUSH13
120
PUSH14
120
PUSH15
120
PUSH16
120
PUSH17
120
PUSH18
120
PUSH19
120
PUSH20
120
PUSH21
120
PUSH22
120
PUSH23
120
PUSH24
120
PUSH25
120
PUSH26
120
PUSH27
120
PUSH28
120
PUSH29
120
PUSH30
120
PUSH31
120
PUSH32
120
DUP1
190
DUP2
190
DUP3
176
DUP4
142
DUP5
177
DUP6
165
DUP7
147
DUP8
157
DUP9
138
DUP10
174
DUP11
141
DUP12
144
DUP13
157
DUP14
143
DUP15
237
DUP16
149
SWAP1
141
SWAP2
156
SWAP3
145
SWAP4
135
SWAP5
115
SWAP6
146
SWAP7
199
SWAP8
130
SWAP9
160
SWAP10
134
SWAP11
147
SWAP12
128
SWAP13
121
SWAP14
114
SWAP15
197
SWAP16
128
LOG0
100
LOG1
1000
LOG2
1000
LOG3
1000
LOG4
1000
PUSH
0
DUP
0
SWAP
0
CREATE
2094
CALL
5000
CALLCODE
4000
RETURN
0
DELEGATECALL
696
CREATE2
10000
STATICCALL
10000
REVERT
0
SELFDESTRUCT
0
BASEFEE
198

Opcode	ComputationCost
STOP	0
ADD	150
MUL	200
SUB	219
DIV	404
SDIV	739
MOD	812
SMOD	560
ADDMOD	1410
MULMOD	1760
EXP	5000
SIGNEXTEND	481
LT	201
GT	264
SLT	176
SGT	222
EQ	220
ISZERO	165
AND	288
OR	160
XOR	454
NOT	364
BYTE	589
SHL	478
SHR	498
SAR	834
SHA3	2465
ADDRESS	284
BALANCE	1407
ORIGIN	210
CALLER	188
CALLVALUE	149
CALLDATALOAD	596
CALLDATASIZE	194
CALLDATACOPY	100
CODESIZE	145
CODECOPY	898
GASPRICE	131
EXTCODESIZE	1481
EXTCODECOPY	1000
RETURNDATASIZE	10
RETURNDATACOPY	40
EXTCODEHASH	1000
BLOCKHASH	500
COINBASE	189
TIMESTAMP	265
NUMBER	202
DIFFICULTY	180
GASLIMIT	166
CHAINID	120
SELFBALANCE	374
POP	140
MLOAD	376
MSTORE	288
MSTORE8	5142
SLOAD	835
SSTORE	1548
JUMP	253
JUMPI	176
PC	147
MSIZE	137
GAS	230
JUMPDEST	10
PUSH1	120
PUSH2	120
PUSH3	120
PUSH4	120
PUSH5	120
PUSH6	120
PUSH7	120
PUSH8	120
PUSH9	120
PUSH10	120
PUSH11	120
PUSH12	120
PUSH13	120
PUSH14	120
PUSH15	120
PUSH16	120
PUSH17	120
PUSH18	120
PUSH19	120
PUSH20	120
PUSH21	120
PUSH22	120
PUSH23	120
PUSH24	120
PUSH25	120
PUSH26	120
PUSH27	120
PUSH28	120
PUSH29	120
PUSH30	120
PUSH31	120
PUSH32	120
DUP1	190
DUP2	190
DUP3	176
DUP4	142
DUP5	177
DUP6	165
DUP7	147
DUP8	157
DUP9	138
DUP10	174
DUP11	141
DUP12	144
DUP13	157
DUP14	143
DUP15	237
DUP16	149
SWAP1	141
SWAP2	156
SWAP3	145
SWAP4	135
SWAP5	115
SWAP6	146
SWAP7	199
SWAP8	130
SWAP9	160
SWAP10	134
SWAP11	147
SWAP12	128
SWAP13	121
SWAP14	114
SWAP15	197
SWAP16	128
LOG0	100
LOG1	1000
LOG2	1000
LOG3	1000
LOG4	1000
PUSH	0
DUP	0
SWAP	0
CREATE	2094
CALL	5000
CALLCODE	4000
RETURN	0
DELEGATECALL	696
CREATE2	10000
STATICCALL	10000
REVERT	0
SELFDESTRUCT	0
BASEFEE	198

Execution Model

Computation Cost (Previous docs)

Last modified 3d ago